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The figure of the grateful slave, devoted to his or her master in thanks for kind treatment, is ubiquitous in eighteenth-century writing from Daniel Defoe's Colonel Jack (1722) to Maria Edgeworth's 'The Grateful Negro' (1804). Yet this important trope, linked with discourses that tried to justify racial oppression, slavery and colonialism, has been overlooked in eighteenth-century literary research. Challenging previous accounts of the relationship between sentiment and slavery, in this book George Boulukos shows how the image of the grateful slave contributed to colonial practices of white supremacy in the later eighteenth century. Seemingly sympathetic to slaves, the trope actually undermines their cause and denies their humanity by showing African slaves as willingly accepting their condition. Taking in literary sources as well as texts on colonialism and slavery, Boulukos offers a fresh account of the development of racial difference, and of its transatlantic dissemination, in the eighteenth-century English-speaking world.
- Sales Rank: #3338565 in Books
- Published on: 2012-01-26
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.02" h x .67" w x 5.98" l, .95 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 290 pages
Review
"The Grateful Slave is of considerable value to scholars of the literature of slavery, offering fascinating readings of key texts such as Equiano's narrative as well as lesser known novels and travel literature. The bibliography is quite extensive, particularly in secondary sources, and this book would serve as an excellent starting point for students doing research on this topic."
- Christopher N. Phillips, Lafayette College, Early American Literature, 2009
"Indeed, the compendiousness and scholarship of The Grateful Slave, as well as what I would call its ethical commitment to historicizing race and racism, have laid the ground for further investigations"
-Sara Salih, University of Toronto
About the Author
George Boulukos is Assistant Professor of English at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.
Most helpful customer reviews
5 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
The Grateful Slave and the Origin of Race
By Bill Wood
The Grateful Slave, by George Boulukos, provides divisive and radical insights into the history of slavery, spending the majority of its time on the evolution of "race" in the eighteenth century. Boulukos is one of many who believe that the practice of slavery, specifically the enslavement of Africans by the Europeans, predated race, and that race later became a justification of slavery, rather than a reason for its emergence. The text follows this chronological order closely as Boulukos first introduces the reader to texts such as Daniel Defoe's Colonel Jack, or Aphra Behn's Oroonoko, arguing that such texts depict Africans as culturally different, rather than racially different. This leads Boulukos to conclude that slavery is rather a product of xenophobia than race.
It is only once slavery has been established in European society that we start to see the need for its justification. Boulukos presents myriad pamphlets from the eighteenth century to support this new necessity. He provides obvious contrasts to the religion of the time, noting how slavery would seem to be utterly objectionable--but then, what if the slaves were being saved? What if the Europeans were rescuing the Africans in some way from decadence? This is historically where "slave gratitude," or the grateful slave trope, begins to emerge (75). The trope is appropriately named, for it is simply a slave that acts gratefully toward their master, but more interesting is the trope's utility as propaganda.
Boulukos argues that the textual implication of the grateful slave is to "support slavery (while demanding its reform)" (14). This is further embellished by the belief that Europeans possessed a higher "moral sense," and therefore it was their duty to enslave and edify the Africans (102). Boulukos discusses textual depictions of the savagery of the Africans, such as in Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, to exemplify this technique of propaganda. Boulukos later presents texts that boldly employ African protagonists, and then deconstructs them, unearthing their racial tendencies: "The seeming radicalism of such [texts], however, is belied by the insistent return of these texts to racial difference, exemplified in the intensely emotional irrationalism of these African characters" (203). Thus, even the texts championing an African must inevitably deprecate him. In the epilogue, Boulukos makes the claim that this newly developed conceptualization of slavery had a "transatlantic afterlife," such that the American colonies developed similar states of mind (233).
Fortunately, I was familiar with Behn's Oroonoko, so much of Boulukos's introduction and first chapter made wonderful sense to me, but one must inevitably question the distinction Boulukos draws between xenophobia and racism. Not only this, but one must also carefully consider the chronological ordering of xenophobia/racism and slavery. I believe however, that Boulukos provides more than sufficient evidence to support these claims. His intricate examination of European recognition in Oroonoko, discussing not only the common practice of Europeanizing Africans, but also the underlying reason for doing so, sets up the distinction between xenophobia and race quite well. It is easy to see the transposition of culture that Behn is trying to achieve, rather than a depiction of cultural inferiority.
Later, as Boulukos presents us with essays, pamphlets, and letters, as well as Colonel Jack, he allows the literature of the eighteenth century to speak for itself: to fortify the emergence of the grateful slave. Once Boulukos establishes this gratitude, he uses it to mark the beginning of race. So we have then: xenophobia, slavery and its justification, and then finally race as a more concrete way to justify slavery. Boulukos utilizes his plethora of texts to prove these ideas (as well as their historicity) time and time again. Most convincing of all is his inclusion of African writers who not only "demonstrate their awareness of [the grateful slave trope] in eighteenth-century culture" (173), but also parody it, clearly aware of its influence during their time. Thus, I do not hesitate to say that The Grateful Slave is an excellent addition to the study of slavery and the origin of race.
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